ISSN (O): 2583-9861 Shodh Prakashan stands as a distinguished monthly international journal committed to the dissemination of high-quality research across diverse academic disciplines. The journal maintains a rigorous peer-review process, ensuring that published work meets the highest standards of scholarly excellence and methodological integrity. By providing a platform for researchers worldwide to share their findings, Shodh Prakashan contributes significantly to the global academic discourse, fostering innovation and knowledge exchange across geographical and institutional boundaries. The journal's monthly publication schedule enables timely dissemination of cutting-edge research, allowing scholars to remain current with the latest developments in their respective fields. Each submission undergoes thorough evaluation by expert reviewers who assess the originality, significance, and methodological soundness of the research, thereby maintaining the journal's reputation for publishing work that advances theoretical understanding and practical applications. The international scope of Shodh Prakashan reflects its commitment to representing diverse perspectives and research traditions from around the world. By welcoming contributions from established scholars and emerging researchers alike, the journal creates an inclusive academic environment that promotes cross-cultural dialogue and collaborative research initiatives. The peer-review mechanism employed by Shodh Prakashan not only ensures quality control but also provides constructive feedback that helps authors refine their work and enhance its impact within the scholarly community. Furthermore, the journal's dedication to open access principles and transparent editorial practices aligns with contemporary movements toward democratizing knowledge and making research findings accessible to wider audiences. Through its consistent publication of peer-reviewed articles, Shodh Prakashan continues to build a comprehensive repository of scholarly literature that serves as a valuable resource for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers seeking evidence-based insights in their specialized domains.
National Education Policy 2020 and Its Sociological Implications: A Mixed-Methods Study of Awareness, Attitudes, and Social Stratification in India
The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 represents the most transformative restructuring of India's educational framework since 1986. This study employs a mixed-methods sociological inquiry to examine the policy's implications across caste, class, gender, and regional axes. Drawing on primary survey data (N=1,200) collected from six Indian states during 2024–2025 and supplemented by secondary data from UDISE+, AISHE, and NSSO reports, the study investigates awareness levels, attitudinal patterns, and projected sociological consequences of NEP 2020. Thematic analysis and chi-square testing reveal statistically significant disparities in awareness and implementation readiness between urban and rural populations, upper-caste and Scheduled Caste/Scheduled Tribe communities, and high-income versus low-income households. The findings suggest that while NEP 2020 espouses inclusive ideals—multidisciplinary education, mother-tongue instruction, and 50% Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) by 2035—structural socioeconomic inequalities risk perpetuating stratified educational outcomes. The paper contributes to sociological policy analysis by foregrounding intersectionality as a critical lens for evaluating educational reform in postcolonial societies.
NEP 2020, sociology of education, educational inequality, social stratification, India, inclusive education, caste and education
Copyright (c) 2026 शोध प्रकाशन SHODH PRAKASHAN
बुजुर्गों में अकेलेपन और संज्ञानात्मक गिरावट का संबंध: एक व्यापक साहित्य समीक्षा एवं अनुभवजन्य विश्लेषण
प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र बुजुर्गों में अकेलेपन और संज्ञानात्मक गिरावट के मध्य संबंध की व्यापक जांच करता है। भारत में 60 वर्ष से अधिक आयु के 500 प्रतिभागियों पर किए गए इस अनुभवजन्य अध्ययन में मानसिक स्वास्थ्य, स्मृति क्षमता, ध्यान केंद्रीकरण और कार्यकारी कार्यों पर अकेलेपन के प्रभाव का विश्लेषण किया गया है। यूसीएलए एकांत पैमाने और लघु मानसिक अवस्था परीक्षण का उपयोग करके प्राप्त आंकड़ों के विश्लेषण से स्पष्ट हुआ कि अकेलेपन और संज्ञानात्मक गिरावट के मध्य महत्वपूर्ण नकारात्मक सहसंबंध (r = -0.67, p < 0.001) विद्यमान है। उच्च अकेलेपन की अनुभूति करने वाले बुजुर्गों में स्मृति संबंधी विकार, ध्यान की कमी तथा मनोभ्रंश विकसित होने की 40 प्रतिशत अधिक संभावना पाई गई। जैव-मनोसामाजिक सिद्धांत के आलोक में इन निष्कर्षों की व्याख्या की गई है और बहु-स्तरीय हस्तक्षेप कार्यक्रमों की अनुशंसा प्रस्तुत की गई है।
अकेलापन, संज्ञानात्मक गिरावट, वृद्धावस्था, मनोभ्रंश, स्मृति हानि, जैव-मनोसामाजिक सिद्धांत, हस्तक्षेप कार्यक्रम
Paravartya Yojayet : The Future of High – Speed Linear Computation
This dissertation explores the application of Vedic Mathematics, specifically the Paravartya Yojayet sutra[3], as an efficient alternative to traditional algebraic methods for solving systems of linear equations. While conventional techniques like Gaussian elimination, substitution, and Cramer’s Rule are robust, they often involve complex procedural steps that increase the risk of manual error and computational load as the number of variables grows. Through a comparative analysis and detailed mathematical demonstrations, this research shows that the Vedic approach facilitates a direct "dimensional reduction,[5]" allowing systems of four variables to be collapsed into two-variable subsets in a single logical transition. The study highlights the method's superiority in terms of speed, reduced cognitive load, and its potential for modern technological integration in fields such as Aerospace trajectory calculation, Robotic inverse kinematics, and digital circuitry design. Ultimately, the research advocates for the integration of these ancient mathematical principles into contemporary STEM curricula to enhance pedagogical effectiveness and computational efficiency.
Vedic Mathematics, Linear Equations, Paravartya Yojayet Sutra, Mental Calculation, Computational Efficiency, Algorithmic Optimization, Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS), STEM Education.
Graphite, Sovereignty and Subversion: The Role of Global Powers in Madagascar's Destabilization
Madagascar, the world's fourth-largest island, occupies a paradoxical position in the global order. Ecologically, it is a living laboratory of evolution, home to approximately 92% endemic flora and fauna. Economically, it sits atop one of the most diverse and underexploited mineral endowments in the Southern Hemisphere, including vast deposits of natural graphite, nickel, cobalt, and ilmenite. Geopolitically, it commands the western approaches of the Indian Ocean and the Mozambique Channel. This paper investigates the October 2025 military intervention, following widespread youth-led protests against President Andry Rajoelina's government, and situates this crisis within the framework of neo-mercantilist geopolitics in the Indian Ocean. While internal factors—including a 90% poverty rate, chronic famine (Kere) in the southern provinces, and elite corruption—served as proximate catalysts, the perpetuation of instability reflects a deliberate architecture of foreign interference by France, the United States, and China. Drawing upon historical analysis of Madagascar's coup cycles (1972, 2002, 2009, 2025), critical geopolitical theory, and the political economy of extractive industries, this paper exposes the mechanisms through which global powers—employing Francafrique networks, IRA-driven mineral diplomacy, information operations, and intelligence asset management—have leveraged Madagascar's governance fragility to secure preferential access to its resource endowments. The paper concludes that enduring sovereignty requires a Pan-African resource governance framework and delinkage of mineral access from foreign political patronage.
Strategic Minerals Supply Chain; Mozambique Channel Geopolitics; Neo-mercantilism in the Indian Ocean; Resource-driven Coups; Extractive Diplomacy; Madagascar; Graphite; Francafrique; AFRICOM; Belt and Road Initiative
Comparative Evaluation of Conventional Calculus Methods and Vedic Approaches in Solving Differential Equations
The present paper focuses on the structural applicability of some computational principles of Vedic Mathematics by Bharati Krishna Tirthaji [8] to the algebraic transformation techniques used in solving ordinary differential equations. The present work does not aim to replace the traditional calculus techniques used for solving differential equations by proposing an alternative approach based on Vedic Mathematics. It aims to establish the conceptual correspondence between the traditional solution techniques and the principles of Vedic Mathematics while solving ordinary differential equations. Some typical first-order ordinary differential equations, which are separable, homogeneous, linear, and exact types of equations, are solved by traditional calculus techniques and Vedic Mathematics principles of algebraic transformation logic. The findings of the present work reveal that although the results are identical from an analytical point of view, there exist some structural similarities between the algebraic transformation techniques used by Vedic Mathematics and the traditional calculus techniques while solving the mentioned types of equations by applying the principles of Parāvartya Yojayet [5], Anurūpyena [4], Vilokanam [9], Sankalana-Vyavakalanabhyam [1], and Urdhva-Tiryagbhyam [2]. It is concluded that Vedic computational philosophy may act as an alternative theoretical approach to higher-level mathematical analysis.
Vedic Mathematics, Differential Equations, Algebraic Transformation Technique, Structural Correspondence
Vedic Techniques of Approximation: A Computational and Iterative Perspective for Modern Scientific Applications
The paper “Vedic Techniques of Approximation: Iterative Methods, Infinite Series, and Their Relevance to Modern Computation” presents a reinterpretation of approximation methods developed in classical Indian mathematics within a contemporary computational framework. Selected techniques, including Aryabhata’s rational estimation of π, complement-based arithmetic procedures, and infinite series formulated by mathematicians of the Kerala school, are examined as structured processes of iterative refinement and controlled numerical approximation. Rather than viewing these contributions solely from a historical perspective, the study analyzes their mathematical structure using modern concepts such as recursion, convergence, and algorithmic approximation. The discussion further explores the conceptual relevance of these methods to present-day computational practices. The work demonstrates that classical approximation strategies embody principles consistent with modern algorithmic thinking and continue to offer meaningful insights for efficient computational methodologies.
Educational Challenges, Skill Awareness, and Empowerment Gaps among Munda, Santal, Oraon, and Bhumij Tribal Communities in Nadia and North 24 Parganas, West Bengal
This study explores the educational challenges, skill-based awareness, empowerment gaps, technical and vocational education access, and gender disparities among the Munda, Santal, Oraon, and Bhumij tribal communities in selected blocks of Nadia and North 24 Parganas, West Bengal. Employing a mixed-method research design, the study surveyed a total of 2,500 respondents, including tribal and non-tribal populations across Bagdah, Bangaon, Gaighata, Hingalganj, Minakhan, Sandeshkhali II, Swarupnagar, Chakdaha, Santipur, Krishnanagar, Bagula, and Ranaghat. Quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires, while qualitative data were gathered via semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions. The findings reveal that tribal communities face significant educational and skill development challenges, larger empowerment gaps, and persistent gender-based disparities compared to non-tribal groups. The study recommends targeted educational interventions, skill development programs, gender-sensitive policies, and infrastructure improvements to empower tribal communities and enhance socio-educational outcomes.
Munda, Santal, Oraon, Bhumij, Tribal Communities, Educational Challenges, Skill Awareness, Empowerment Gap, Technical Education, Gender Disparity, West Bengal
Analyzing U.S. and French Influence in Madagascar's Governance Crisis: Strategic Minerals, Manufactured Instability, and the Battle for the Indian Ocean Rim
Madagascar's October 2025 military transition—catalyzed by youth-led protests against the Rajoelina administration—cannot be adequately understood through the lens of domestic politics alone. This paper applies a neo-mercantilist geopolitical framework to argue that the island nation's recurring governance crises are structurally embedded within great-power competition for its vast deposits of graphite, nickel, cobalt, and ilmenite, as well as its strategic position astride the Mozambique Channel. Drawing on historical precedent from the 2009 coup, empirical data on foreign direct investment patterns, critical minerals supply chain analysis, and documented influence operations, this study systematically examines the roles of France, the United States, and China in shaping—and exploiting—Madagascar's political instability. The findings reveal that while the 2025 transition was internally generated by legitimate socio-economic grievances (including a 78% poverty rate and chronic famine in the south), external actors engaged in what this paper terms 'extractive diplomacy': the opportunistic leveraging of instability to secure preferential resource access. France's Françafrique networks, U.S. intelligence interests in the Mozambique Channel, and Chinese state-enterprise mineral acquisitions represent competing but mutually reinforcing vectors of interference. The paper concludes that Madagascar's trajectory reflects the broader paradox of resource-rich, governance-poor states in the 21st century and advocates for a Pan-African sovereign wealth framework as a structural remedy.
Strategic Minerals Supply Chain; Mozambique Channel Geopolitics; Neo-mercantilism in the Indian Ocean; Resource-driven Coups; Extractive Diplomacy; Françafrique; Critical Minerals; Madagascar Governance
Impact of Traditional Moral Education through Baul Folk Songs: From ‘Achin Pakhi’ to Lalon’s Humanistic Vision in Contemporary Value and Peace Education
The present study explores the impact of traditional educational philosophy and moral values embedded in Baul folk songs, particularly “Achin Pakhi” and the humanistic teachings of Lalon, within the framework of contemporary education under the National Education Policy 2020. Rooted in the indigenous spiritual and cultural heritage of Bengal, Baul philosophy emphasizes self-realization, equality, experiential learning, and ethical living. These principles resonate strongly with the holistic, value-based, and culturally grounded educational vision articulated in NEP 2020 (Government of India, 2020). The study adopts a mixed-method approach, combining thematic analysis of Baul songs with a quasi-experimental design involving 100 students and 20 teacher educators from rural and tribal areas of North 24 Parganas and Nadia districts, West Bengal. The findings reveal that Baul-based pedagogical intervention significantly enhances moral awareness, inclusiveness attitudes, empathy, and value orientation among learners. Expert evaluations further indicate strong alignment between Baul philosophy and the Indian Knowledge Systems perspective advocated in NEP 2020.
realization, equality, experiential learning
Dr. Bipul Chakraborty Dr. Bipul Chakraborty
This study examines whether there is a statistically significant difference in the variability of corruption levels between European and Asian countries using the Corruption Perception Index (CPI). The CPI scores, published by Transparency International, are used as a proxy for perceived public-sector corruption. An F-test is employed to compare the variances of CPI scores for selected countries from Europe and Asia. Prior to analysis, the data are tested for normality to satisfy the assumptions of the F-test. The results indicate whether the dispersion of corruption perception differs significantly between the two regions, providing insights into regional heterogeneity in governance quality. The findings contribute to comparative institutional analysis and offer empirical evidence on regional differences in corruption perception, which may be useful for policymakers, researchers, and international organizations concerned with governance reforms and anti-corruption strategies.
THE USE OF TWO-SAMPLE t-TEST IN THE REAL DATA
The t-test is among the most frequent uses of statistics for hypothesis testing and comparing means of populations. The t-test was developed and improved by statistic pioneers and has been extensively used ever since for various purposes and in different contexts of research. The t-test for two samples is applied to check whether two independent populations have equal means or not. The real Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) data is taken into consideration for testing purposes to apply the significance of the t-test. The descriptive statistical analysis step begins with calculating descriptive statistics, and then null and alternative hypotheses are stated. The pooled variance method is used to calculate the test statistic value and then the t-value is determined based on the chosen significance level. The outcome clearly reveals how the two-sample t-test can be efficiently used to figure out whether there is significance or not among two populations using real data.
A Statistical Analysis of Regional Variations in Urban Youth Unemployment in India (2023-2024)
This research paper examines the dynamics of unemployment among youth aged 15-29 in urban Indian. The study utilizes official data from the periodic labour force survey (PLFS) annual reports spanning four cycles (2020-21 to 2023-24). A trend analysis was conducted to observe the temporal trajectory of unemployment rates. Furthermore, a one way Anova (Analysis of Variance) was performed to test the hypothesis of regional disparities across North, South, East India, supplemented by Dot Plots for visual data distribution. The methodology employed in this research is an extension of the protocols previously defined in [1],[2],….. .
Youth unemployment, urban India, PLFS, Anova Testing, trend analysis, regional disparities.
Application of chi-square test in Pollution research
The present study employed the Chi-square test to analyse the relationship between pollution levels and selected categorical environmental factors. Observed frequencies of pollution indicators were compared with expected frequencies across different locations and time periods. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences, indicating non-random variation in pollution distribution. These findings suggest that pollution levels are influenced by environmental and anthropogenic factors. The Chi-square test proved to be an effective statistical tool for identifying associations in pollution data and supporting evidence-based environmental assessment and management strategies.
Chi-square test, pollution levels, categorical data, observed frequency, expected frequency, association, independence, environmental monitoring, significance level, null hypothesis.
Public Financing and Higher Education Expansion: A Comparative Study of Government Expenditure and Gross Enrollment Ratios in India and Selected South Asian Countries
Public financing remains a fundamental driver of higher education expansion, particularly in developing regions where demographic pressures and socio-economic aspirations are rapidly increasing. In South Asia, governments have intensified budgetary commitments to higher education in order to improve access, enhance institutional capacity, and raise Gross Enrollment Ratios (GER). This study investigates the relationship between government expenditure on higher education and enrollment expansion in India and selected South Asian countries through a comparative analytical framework. Using secondary data from internationally recognized databases such as the UNESCO Institute for Statistics and the World Bank, the research examines trends in public expenditure as a share of GDP and total education spending, and assesses their association with changes in GER over time (UNESCO Institute for Statistics [UIS], 2023; World Bank, 2023). The analysis reveals that although increased public expenditure generally contributes to enrollment growth, the effectiveness of spending depends on policy priorities, governance structures, demographic composition, and institutional efficiency. India has demonstrated gradual improvement in GER alongside expanding public investment; however, regional disparities and equity concerns remain significant challenges. Comparatively, other South Asian nations exhibit varying expenditure patterns and enrollment outcomes, indicating that financial inputs alone do not guarantee proportional expansion. The study concludes that sustainable growth in higher education participation requires not only higher fiscal commitment but also strategic allocation, equity-focused funding models, and accountability mechanisms. The findings provide policy-relevant insights for strengthening public financing strategies aimed at inclusive and long-term higher education development in South Asia.
Public Financing; Higher Education; Gross Enrollment Ratio (GER); Comparative Study; South Asia; Education Policy; Government Expenditure; Enrollment Expansion; India
अरुणाचल प्रदेश भारत के उत्तर पूर्व में बसा वह राज्य है जहाँ सूरज की किरणें सबसे पहले अपना बसेरा डालती है। अरुणाचल प्रदेश एक जनजाति प्रधान राज्य है। इसमें लगभग 26 प्रमुख जनजातियाँ हैं तथा 100 से अधिक उपजनजातियाँ हैं। सिंगफो जनजाति यहाँ की एक प्रमुख जनजाति है जो चांगलांग और नामसाई जिले में निवास करती हैं। सिंगफो केवल अरुणाचल प्रदेश तक ही सिमित नहीं है बल्कि असम के तिनसुकिया जिला में मारघेरिता, शिवसागर और जोरहाट आदि क्षेत्रों में भी निवास करते हैं। अरुणाचल प्रदेश में सिंगफो लोग म्याव, बोरदुमसा, दियुन, पियोंग, नामसाई, इम्फुम आदि क्षेत्रों में बसे हुए हैं। सिंगफो समाज में लोक कथाओं का बहुत महत्त्व है। इन कथाओं को ‘पूङ’ कहा जाता है। ये कथाएँ सिंगफो समाज में मिथक, किवदन्ती, लोक-कथा आदि रूपों में उपस्थित है। ये सभी कथाएँ आज भी उनकी जीवन-शैली, पूजा-पद्धति, मान्यता और विभिन्न रीति-रिवाजों के साथ जुड़ी हुई है। सिंगफो समाज में आज भी ये लोक कथाएँ जीवित है। “लोक कथाएँ लोक में प्रचलित वे कहानियां है जो मनुष्य की कथा प्रवित्ति के साथ चलकर विभिन्न परिवर्तनों एवं परिवर्धनों के साथ वर्तमान रूप में प्राप्त होती हैं।” कथा कहने और सुनने की प्रथा लम्बे समय से चली आ रही है। इन कथाओं के द्वारा ही लोग अपने भावों और विचारों को प्रकट करते हैं। एक प्रकार से देखा जाएँ तो यही मनोरंजन का एकमात्र साधन थी। दिन भर लोग अपने खेतों में काम करते और शाम को एकत्रित होकर इन कथाओं का आनंद लेते। साहित्य समाज का दर्पण होता है और साहित्यकार अपने समाज की गतिविधियों को अपनी लेखनी के द्वारा व्यक्त करता है। उसी प्रकार ये लोक कथाएं भी जनजातीय लोगों की संस्कृति, सभ्यता तथा मान्यताओं को सही रूप में व्यक्त करती हैं।
सिंगफो लोक कथाएँ, संस्कृति, सिंगफो समाज, सभ्यता, पूंङ
Copyright (c) 2025 शोध प्रकाशन SHODH PRAKASHAN
All Contracts Are Agreements But All Agreements Are Not Contract
This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of one of the foundational principles of contract law: "All contracts are agreements but all agreements are not contracts." The study examines the conceptual distinction between agreements and contracts under the Indian Contract Act, 1872, demonstrating that while every contract necessarily contains an agreement, not all agreements possess the legal enforceability required to be recognized as contracts. The research analyzes the definition and essential elements of agreements (offer and acceptance) and contrasts them with the additional requirements necessary for an agreement to achieve contractual status, as prescribed by Section 10 of the Indian Contract Act. These additional elements include free consent of competent parties, lawful consideration, lawful object, and the absence of express declaration of voidness. The paper systematically examines various categories of agreements that fail to become contracts, including void agreements (those without consideration, in restraint of marriage, trade, or legal proceedings, with uncertain meaning, and wagering agreements), voidable agreements (those induced by coercion, undue influence, fraud, or misrepresentation), social and domestic agreements lacking intention to create legal relations, and illegal agreements. Through analysis of landmark cases including Mohori Bibee v. Dharmodas Ghose, Balfour v. Balfour, and Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, the study illustrates how courts have applied this distinction in practice. The paper discusses practical applications in commercial transactions, employment relationships, real estate, family arrangements, and digital contracts. Contemporary challenges including smart contracts and platform economy agreements are also examined. The research concludes that understanding this fundamental distinction is essential for legal practitioners, business persons, and anyone entering into agreements, as it determines which promises are legally enforceable and which remain outside the scope of legal enforcement.
contract law, agreements, contracts, Indian Contract Act, essential elements, consideration, free consent, void agreements, voidable agreements, legal enforceability, offer and acceptance, contractual capacity, lawful object, wagering agreements, social agreements
RIGHTS OF AN ACCUSED PERSON UNDER INDIAN LAWS
This comprehensive study examines the rights of accused persons under Indian law, focusing on constitutional guarantees, statutory protections, and judicial interpretations that form the foundation of criminal justice in India. The paper analyzes the constitutional framework provided by Articles 20, 21, and 22 of the Indian Constitution, which establish fundamental protections including safeguards against ex post facto laws, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and arbitrary arrest and detention. The research explores the extensive rights provided under the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973, including the right to bail, protection against illegal arrest, right to legal aid, and procedural safeguards during trial. Special attention is given to rights derived from Article 21 through judicial interpretation, including the right to fair trial, speedy trial, protection against torture and custodial violence, and humane treatment in custody. The paper examines provisions of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872, that protect accused persons, particularly the presumption of innocence and restrictions on the admissibility of confessions. Specific protections for vulnerable groups including women, children, and mentally ill accused are discussed. The study analyzes landmark Supreme Court judgments that have expanded and clarified these rights through progressive interpretation. Contemporary challenges in implementation are addressed, including police brutality, custodial torture, delayed trials, inadequate legal aid, and prison overcrowding. The research concludes that while India has a comprehensive legal framework protecting accused persons' rights, significant reforms are needed in implementation, police conduct, judicial infrastructure, and legal aid systems to ensure these rights are effective in practice.
accused rights, fundamental rights, criminal procedure, Article 20, Article 21, Article 22, right to bail, fair trial, legal aid, self-incrimination, double jeopardy, arrest procedures, custodial rights, Indian criminal law, constitutional safeguards, presumption of innocence, speedy trial
This paper provides a comprehensive examination of negligence as a fundamental concept in the law of torts, with particular emphasis on Indian jurisprudence. The study traces the historical evolution of negligence law from English common law principles to its contemporary application in India. The paper analyzes the three essential elements required to establish negligence: duty of care, breach of duty, and causation with damage. Special attention is given to the doctrine of res ipsa loquitur, professional negligence (particularly medical and legal negligence), and various defenses available in negligence claims including contributory negligence, voluntary assumption of risk, act of God, and inevitable accident. The paper examines negligence in specific contexts such as motor vehicle accidents, occupiers' liability, product liability, and employer's liability. Through analysis of landmark Supreme Court and High Court judgments, the study demonstrates how Indian courts have adapted common law principles to Indian conditions while developing indigenous jurisprudence. The paper also discusses contemporary issues including medical negligence under consumer protection laws, corporate negligence, environmental negligence, and the practical aspects of filing negligence suits. The research concludes that negligence law serves the dual purposes of providing compensation to victims and promoting responsible conduct in society, though challenges remain in implementation and access to justice.
negligence, tort law, duty of care, breach of duty, causation, res ipsa loquitur, medical negligence, professional negligence, contributory negligence, defenses to negligence, Indian tort law, damages, compensation, vicarious liability, motor accident claims
धार्मिक परिवर्तन की समस्या: तारो सिन्दिक की कविताओं के विशेष संदर्भ में
अरुणाचल प्रदेश के आदिवासी मुख्य रूप से प्रकृति पूजक हैं। यहाँ के जनजातीय समाज में कभी किसी ने मूर्ति पूजा, चित्र पूजा नहीं की। आदिवासी समाज के दर्शन के विषय में लिखते हुए वंदना टेटे जी अपनी ‘वाचिकता’ नामक पुस्तक में लिखती हैं कि “ वह प्रकृति की सर्वोच्चता को स्वीकार करता है और अदृश्य प्राकृतिक शक्तियों को इनसान की ही तरह सृष्टि के रचाव और बचाव का संरक्षक मानते हुए उनमें विश्वास करता है। अपने आनुष्ठानिक आयोजनों के द्वारा उनके प्रति आभार प्रकट करता है। पूजा नहीं , कृतज्ञता ज्ञापित करता है क्योंकि उसका विश्वास जड़ नहीं, निरंतर चेतनशील है। चेतनशील मतलब प्रकृति और इंसानी समाज के परम्परागत और परिवर्तनशील व्यवहार में सामंजस्य बिठाते हुए उसे आत्मसात करना और सार्वभौमिक अनुशासनों (संगति) के प्रति लगातार उत्तरदायी (तारतम्य) बने रहना है। प्रकृति से सामूहिक, सहजीवी और सहअस्तित्वपूर्ण संगति के कारण आदिवासी प्रकृतिगत यथार्थ और उसके अनुशासनों का कड़ाई से पालन करते है, जिसे गैर – आदिवासी विश्व अंधविश्वासों की श्रेणी में रखता है जबकि पूजा धार्मिक अंधविश्वास का चरम लक्षण है, जिससे दुनिया की सभी विकसित सभ्यताएं पीड़ित तो हैं ही ,एक – दूसरे के खून की प्यासी भी है।”1 अरुणाचल का आदिवासी फ़सल तथा स्वास्थ्य आदि के लिए सूर्य और चांद तथा अदृश्य शक्तियों के प्रति अनुष्ठानों के द्वारा कृतज्ञता ज्ञापित करता है। तानी वंश यानी आदी, आपातानी, गालो, तागिन, न्यीशी, पुरोईक जैसे जनजातीय समाजों में ‘दोन्यी’ (सूर्य) और ‘पोलो’ (चाँद) को इष्टदेव माना जाता है। सूर्य यहाँ स्त्री का प्रतीक है। इनके ईश्वर निराकार हैं।
Impacts of Floods on Health and Healthcare Systems in Asian Countries: A Comprehensive Analysis of Direct and Indirect Health Consequences, Economic Burden, and Healthcare Infrastructure Vulnerability
Floods represent one of the most devastating natural disasters globally, with Asian countries experiencing disproportionate impacts due to geographic vulnerability, monsoon patterns, and high population density. This comprehensive review examines the multifaceted impacts of floods on health and healthcare systems across Asian nations, with particular emphasis on direct health consequences, healthcare infrastructure damage, economic burden, and long-term health implications. Our analysis reveals that floods contribute to approximately 40% of all natural disasters in the region, affecting over 50 million people annually and causing substantial morbidity and mortality through waterborne diseases, injuries, and disruption of healthcare services. The economic burden of flood-related health impacts reaches billions of dollars annually, with India alone experiencing recovery costs exceeding ₹29,000 crores (US$ 3.5 billion) for recent major flooding events. This study synthesizes current evidence on flood-health relationships in Asia, identifies vulnerable populations, analyzes healthcare system resilience, and proposes evidence-based interventions for disaster risk reduction and health system strengthening. The findings highlight the urgent need for integrated approaches combining early warning systems, resilient healthcare infrastructure, and community-based disaster preparedness to mitigate the growing health burden of floods in Asian countries.
Floods, Public Health, Healthcare Systems, Asia, Disaster Medicine, Waterborne Diseases, Economic Impact, Climate Change
योग के संदर्भ मे गुरु शिष्य परंपरा एवं महत्व
'बिना व्यवधान के शृंखला रूप में जारी रहना' ही परंपरा कहलाता है । परम्परा-प्रणाली में किसी विषय या उपविषय का ज्ञान बिना किसी परिवर्तन के एक पीढ़ी से दूसरी पीढ़ियों में संचारित होता रहता है। इसी का एक पहलु है गुरु शिष्य परंपरा । गुरु शब्द दो अक्षर से मिलकर बना है गु' शब्द का अर्थ है अंधकार (अज्ञान) और 'रु' शब्द का अर्थ है प्रकाश ज्ञान। अज्ञान को नष्ट करने वाला जो ब्रह्म रूप प्रकाश है, वह गुरु है। शिष्य एक संस्कृत शब्द है, जिसका अर्थ होता है "विद्यार्थी" या "शिक्षार्थी"। शिष्य वह व्यक्ति होता है जो किसी गुरु या शिक्षक से ज्ञान, शिक्षा या दीक्षा प्राप्त करने के लिए उनके मार्गदर्शन में रहता है। भारतीय ज्ञान प्रणाली भारत की प्राचीन और समृद्ध बौद्धिक परंपरा का प्रतिनिधित्व करती है, जिसमें दर्शन, विज्ञान, गणित, चिकित्सा, कला, खगोलशास्त्र, साहित्य और शासन जैसी विविध विधाओं का समावेश है एवं यह ज्ञान प्रणाली वेदों, उपनिषदों और शास्त्रों पर आधारित है भारतीय ज्ञान प्रणाली का मुख्य उद्देश्य केवल ज्ञान प्राप्ति नहीं, बल्कि व्यक्ति के सर्वांगीण विकास और मानवता के कल्याण की दिशा में कार्य करना है। यह प्रणाली सत्य, अहिंसा, धर्म और प्रकृति के साथ सामंजस्य जैसे मूल्यों पर आधारित है। गुरु–शिष्य परंपरा भारतीय ज्ञान प्रणाली का एक महत्वपूर्ण अंग है , जो भारतीय शिक्षा प्रणाली की आत्मा मानी जाती है। इस परंपरा में गुरु केवल शिक्षक नहीं, बल्कि मार्गदर्शक, प्रेरक और जीवन–दृष्टा होते हैं, जो शिष्य को अज्ञान के अंधकार से ज्ञान के प्रकाश की ओर ले जाते हैं। योग विद्या अत्यंत प्राचीन है योग के प्राचीन ग्रंथों में गुरु शिष्य परंपरा का स्वरूप दिखाई पड़ता है जैसे शिव-पार्वती संवाद, ऋषि वशिष्ठ-श्रीराम संवाद, महर्षि घेरण्ड – राजा चंडकापाली संवाद, यमराज-नचिकेता संवाद, आदि क्रमशः शिव संहिता, योग वशिष्ठ, घेरण्ड संहिता, कठोपनिषद में वर्णित है।
लीची (Litchi chinensis) एक अत्यंत मूल्यवान उष्णकटिबंधीय फल है, जो अपने स्वादिष्ट और पौष्टिक फल के कारण विश्व स्तर पर लोकप्रिय है। यह न केवल ताजे फल के रूप में खपत में आता है, बल्कि इससे जैम, जूस और फ्रोजन उत्पाद भी बनाए जाते हैं, जो किसानों और उद्यमियों के लिए आय के कई स्रोत प्रदान करते हैं। विश्व में लीची की खेती प्रमुख रूप से चीन, भारत, थाईलैंड, वियतनाम और बांग्लादेश जैसे देशों में होती है। चीन वैश्विक उत्पादन में अग्रणी है, जबकि भारत उपभोक्ता और निर्यात दोनों के लिए एक महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाता है। लीची की खेती से होने वाले आर्थिक लाभ केवल सीधे बिक्री तक सीमित नहीं हैं। ताजे फल के निर्यात से किसानों को विदेशी मुद्रा अर्जित होती है। इसके अतिरिक्त, प्रसंस्कृत लीची उत्पाद, जैसे कि जूस, जैम, और फ्रोजन लीची, मूल्य संवर्धन के माध्यम से अतिरिक्त आय के अवसर उत्पन्न करते हैं। छोटे और मध्यम किसानों के लिए लीची की खेती आय में विविधता और स्थायित्व प्रदान करती है, जिससे ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था में सकारात्मक बदलाव आता है। इसके अलावा, लीची के उत्पादन, प्रसंस्करण और विपणन में रोजगार सृजन भी महत्वपूर्ण है, विशेषकर महिलाओं और युवाओं के लिए, जो इस क्षेत्र में कार्यरत हैं। लीची की वैश्विक बाजार में बढ़ती मांग इसके आर्थिक महत्व को और बढ़ाती है। निर्यात के लिए विकसित देशों में लीची की कीमतें तुलनात्मक रूप से अधिक होती हैं, जिससे किसानों और व्यापारियों को अधिक लाभ मिलता है। हालांकि, लीची की खेती में कुछ चुनौतियाँ भी हैं, जैसे कि कीट और रोगों की संवेदनशीलता, मौसम पर निर्भरता, और भंडारण एवं परिवहन की कठिनाइयाँ। आधुनिक तकनीकों जैसे कि रोग प्रतिरोधी किस्मों का चयन, ड्रिप इरिगेशन, नियंत्रित वातावरण में भंडारण और पोस्ट-हार्वेस्ट प्रबंधन इन समस्याओं के समाधान में मदद कर सकते हैं। लीची की खेती विश्व स्तर पर आर्थिक रूप से लाभकारी है। यह किसानों को स्थिर आय प्रदान करती है, रोजगार सृजन में मदद करती है और ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में आर्थिक विकास को बढ़ावा देती है। मूल्य संवर्धन और निर्यात संभावनाओं का उपयोग करके लीची से प्राप्त लाभ और अधिक बढ़ाया जा सकता है। टिकाऊ कृषि तकनीकों और आधुनिक बागवानी प्रथाओं को अपनाकर लीची की खेती को और अधिक लाभकारी और पर्यावरण अनुकूल बनाया जा सकता है। इस प्रकार, लीची की खेती न केवल स्थानीय किसानों के लिए बल्कि वैश्विक खाद्य और आर्थिक परिदृश्य में भी महत्वपूर्ण योगदान देती है।
लीची, आर्थिक लाभ, वैश्विक उत्पादन, निर्यात, मूल्य संवर्धन, रोजगार सृजन, टिकाऊ खेती, वैश्विक बाजार।
From Representation to Leadership: Enhancing the Decision-Making Role of Tribal Women in Panchayati Raj Institutions of Jharkhand
The participation of tribal women in Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) is a crucial measure of democratic inclusiveness in India. Although the 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1992 and the Provisions of the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act of 1996 (PESA) have expanded opportunities for women’s representation, the transition from symbolic participation to substantive leadership remains incomplete in Jharkhand’s tribal regions. This study investigates how tribal women can move beyond token representation to achieve genuine decision-making authority within PRIs. Drawing on field data and qualitative insights from Ranchi district, the research identifies the interplay of structural barriers, patriarchal norms, and institutional limitations that restrict women’s autonomy. At the same time, it highlights positive trends such as the emergence of self-help groups, capacity-building programs in local dialects, and increasing awareness of gender rights. The paper proposes a three-dimensional empowerment framework integrating legal reforms, institutional support, and socio-economic initiatives to strengthen women’s independent leadership in local governance. The findings affirm that empowering tribal women as decision-makers is essential not only for gender equality but also for realizing sustainable and inclusive grassroots democracy in India.
Tribal women, Panchayati Raj Institutions, Jharkhand, PESA Act, women’s leadership, gender equality, rural governance
Copyright (c) 2024 शोध प्रकाशन SHODH PRAKASHAN
भारतीय महिला सशक्तिकरण: सामाजिक एवं आर्थिक परिप्रेक्ष्य पर अध्ययन
मानव विकास के क्षेत्र में महिलाओं की भूमिका को अब व्यापक रूप से मान्यता प्राप्त है और ब्रह्मांड के अधिकांश हिस्सों में इसे स्वीकार किया जाता है। महिला सशक्तिकरण का विश्लेषण करने की आवश्यकता इसलिए उत्पन्न होती है क्योंकि हाल ही में भारत सरकार ने इस अवधारणा को काफी महत्व दिया है। यह अध्ययन द्वितीयक स्रोतों पर आधारित है। इस कार्य का सामान्य उद्देश्य सामाजिक और आर्थिक उत्थान के कारण महिला सशक्तिकरण का मूल्यांकन करना है जो अंततः देश के समग्र विकास की ओर ले जाता है। अध्ययन से पता चलता है कि आज के परिदृश्य में भारत की महिलाओं को थोड़ा कम दर्जा प्राप्त है। वे पुरुषों की तुलना में तुलनात्मक रूप से निचले स्थान पर हैं। अध्ययन के माध्यम से यह पाया गया है कि महिलाओं द्वारा समान लिंग मानदंडों की स्वीकृति अभी भी समाज में प्रचलित है। सरकार और उसकी एजेंसियां, गैर सरकारी संगठन और कई राष्ट्रीय और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय संगठन महिलाओं के सशक्तिकरण के लिए काम कर रहे हैं। लेकिन इस कार्य के लिए बहुआयामी दृष्टिकोण और संसाधनों तथा उनकी भूमिका और शिक्षा, रोजगार तथा सामाजिक संरचना में परिवर्तन के क्षेत्र में मिशनरी उत्साह और प्रतिबद्धता के साथ काम करने की आवश्यकता है।
संसाधन, सामाजिक संरचना, परिदृश्य, सशक्तिकरण जागरूकता
Effects of Graphic Art on Consumer Behaviour : A Sociological Appraisal
This article examines the ways in which marketing and the visual arts have a profound impact on contemporary consumers' actions. Customers' preferences and purchasing habits are profoundly affected by graphic, motion graphic, and similar activities, especially in the industrialised world. Because more items enter the market as a result of consumption, the owners of those products strive to have more graphic art advertising to sell more goods. As a result, consumers are constantly exposed to numerous graphic ads. Even in undeveloped nations, markets are increasingly embracing this practice. Just like that, manufacturers use graphics in general to encourage the acquisition of freshly designed and manufactured products and services. Economic institutions including department shops, taste development, family budgets, food consumption, etc. are the major focus of consumer behaviour scholars. The patterns of cultural change and inequality may be studied via consumption research. To illustrate how the proliferation of standardised fast food contributes to cultural and behavioural homogeneity, the term "McDonaldization" is used when addressing consuming behaviour. Standardised consuming habits like this expanded globally from their Western origins in the form of pervasive ads and visuals. The role of socioeconomic class is prominent in a number of the graphic art pieces. Advertising uses consumer psychographic profiles to target certain audiences and entice them to make purchases. On the other hand, the corporation gains money when customers purchase products because of the graphic ads.
Graphics, Consumption, Products, Consumption behavior, Standardized consumption.
श्रीहर्षस्य व्यक्तित्वकृतित्वयोः विश्लेषणात्मकम् अध्ययनम्
संस्कृतसाहित्याकाशे विद्योतन्ते सहस्रसः काव्यनक्षत्राणि। कवरत्नानि च सन्ति अपरिमिताः संस्कृतकाव्यरत्नाकरे। परन्तु तेषु असंख्येषु कविरत्नेषु हर्षवर्धणः एव कौस्तुभमणिवद् विभाति। अत्र प्रश्नः समुदेति किमर्थं कविः श्रीहर्ष एव तस्मिननुपमे यशः सागरे अवगाहते ? किमर्थं स एव संस्कृतकाव्यकिरणसर्जकेषु सूर्य इव अप्रतीमज्योतिष्मान्नित देदीप्यते ? किं नास्ति तादृशः कश्चिदन्यः शास्त्रवेत्ता ? किं यादृशः कविः श्रीहर्षो विद्वानासीत् न तादृशः कश्चिदन्योऽस्ति ? एतेषां प्रश्नानामेकमेवोत्तरं तदीयकाव्य-परिशीलनेन ज्ञातुं शक्यते। मानवताया अन्त-स्तलावगाहनद्वारा कविः श्रीहर्षः रूपकानि रचयमास। तदीयरूपकेषु सत्य-शील-शौर्य-धृति-क्षमा-दया-दम-शम-त्याग-विवेक-परोपकार-गुरुसुश्रूषा-प्रेम-वात्सल्य-विनयार्जवाहिंसादि-शाश्वतमूल्यानि प्रतिपदं दृश्यन्ते। अस्मिन् लगुशोधप्रवन्धे श्रीहर्षेस्य व्यक्तित्वं एवं कृतित्वम् सविस्तारेण आलोच्यितमस्ति।
प्रौढकवित्वशक्तिः, धार्मिकसहिष्णु, कवित्वपरिपाकः, उदात्तकल्पनाशक्तिः, निष्कण्टकस्वामी , काव्यशास्त्रीयप्रौढता, अन्वेषणकार्यम्, काव्यप्रयोजनम्।
श्रीजीवन्यायतीर्थविरचितस्य दरिद्रदुर्दैवप्रहसनस्य अर्थप्रकृतिविश्लेषणम् – एकः विमर्शः
संस्कृतवाङ्मयस्य सर्वांगपूर्णता विशालता च सर्ववेदितम्। एतद् ज्ञान-विज्ञानस्य वृहत् भाण्डार: वर्तते , अर्थात् धर्म:, अर्थ:, काम:, मोक्षश्च पुरुषार्थचतुष्टयस्य कोऽपि अंश: नास्ति यस्य विवेचनमत्र न प्राप्यते। अपि च हृदयजगतस्य सर्वानुभूते: भव्यनिदर्शनमपि निहितमस्ति। बुद्धिः तथा च हृदयस्य आकांक्षाणां अपेक्षाणां च विशदवर्णनम् अत्रैव दृश्यते, अन्यत्र तु दुर्लभमस्ति। अलौकिककाव्यजगतस्य श्रष्टारः कवय: न केवलं काव्यभेदानां सर्जन्ते, अपि च काव्यस्य मर्मज्ञविद्वांसः तत्सर्वस्य मननं चिन्तनञ्च कृत्वा स्वरूपं तथा च भेद: क्रियन्ते, अतः तद्काव्यभेदेषु भेदमेकमस्ति दृश्यकाव्यं रूपकं वा। नाट्यं रूपके वा जगत्सर्वस्य ज्ञानं-विज्ञानं, शिल्पविद्या, कलाकर्मादि प्रतिविम्बते। आलंकारिकाः यथार्थरूपकसर्जनार्थं नान्दी, अर्थप्रकृतिः, कार्यावस्था, अर्थपक्षेपकः, सन्धिः, भरतवाक्यम् इति नाट्योपादानानां प्रयोजनियत्वं स्वीकुर्वन्ति। एतेषु उपादानेषु अर्थप्रकृति अन्यतमभूमिकां निर्वाहयति। अतः प्रस्तुतलघुशोधप्रबन्धेऽस्मिन् दरिद्रदुर्दैवम् इति प्रहसने प्राप्तः अर्थप्रकृतिः मया विवेचितम् ।
संस्कृतवाङ्मयः, आधुनिकसंस्कृतसाहित्यम्, प्रहसनम्, अर्थप्रकृतिः, दरिद्रदुर्दैवम्।
कीवी फल (Actinidia deliciosa) आज विश्व की सबसे तेजी से उभरती हुई व्यावसायिक फसलों में से एक है। यह न केवल स्वाद और पोषण के दृष्टिकोण से महत्वपूर्ण है, बल्कि अंतरराष्ट्रीय व्यापार और ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था में भी एक प्रमुख स्थान रखता है। कीवी में उच्च मात्रा में विटामिन C, एंटीऑक्सीडेंट, फाइबर और खनिज तत्व पाए जाते हैं, जो इसे स्वास्थ्य के लिए अत्यंत उपयोगी बनाते हैं। इसकी बढ़ती वैश्विक मांग ने कई देशों को इसे लाभकारी फसल के रूप में अपनाने के लिए प्रेरित किया है। वर्तमान में, चीन, न्यूजीलैंड, इटली, ग्रीस, ईरान और चिली कीवी उत्पादन के प्रमुख देश हैं। FAO (2024) के अनुसार, विश्व का लगभग 60% उत्पादन चीन में होता है, जबकि न्यूजीलैंड और इटली क्रमशः दूसरे और तीसरे स्थान पर हैं। भारत, नेपाल और भूटान जैसे एशियाई देश भी हाल के वर्षों में इस क्षेत्र में तेजी से प्रगति कर रहे हैं। कीवी का उत्पादन मुख्यतः ठंडी और समशीतोष्ण जलवायु वाले क्षेत्रों में सफल होता है, जहाँ मिट्टी का pH और नमी संतुलन फसल की गुणवत्ता को प्रभावित करता है। आर्थिक दृष्टि से, कीवी एक उच्च मूल्य वाली नकदी फसल (High-Value Cash Crop) के रूप में उभरी है। इसके ताजे फलों के साथ-साथ प्रसंस्कृत उत्पाद — जैसे कीवी जूस, जैम, ड्राई कीवी, पाउडर और बेकरी उत्पादों में उपयोग — से किसानों को अतिरिक्त आय के अवसर मिलते हैं। मूल्य संवर्धन (Value Addition) के साथ-साथ निर्यात बाजार में भी इसकी मांग लगातार बढ़ रही है। यूरोप, अमेरिका, जापान और मध्य पूर्व की बाजारों में कीवी की लोकप्रियता ने विकासशील देशों के लिए नई संभावनाएँ खोली हैं। रोजगार सृजन और सामाजिक प्रभाव के दृष्टिकोण से भी यह फसल अत्यंत लाभकारी सिद्ध हो रही है। खेतों में पौधारोपण, देखभाल, पैकिंग, और विपणन जैसी गतिविधियों में महिलाओं और युवाओं की भागीदारी बढ़ रही है, जिससे ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था को नई ऊर्जा मिल रही है। कीवी से संबंधित सहायक उद्योग जैसे कोल्ड स्टोरेज, परिवहन, और पैकेजिंग इकाइयों का विकास स्थानीय रोजगार और क्षेत्रीय विकास में योगदान दे रहा है। हालाँकि, कीवी उत्पादन से जुड़ी कुछ चुनौतियाँ भी हैं — जैसे जलवायु परिवर्तन, कीट-रोग, उच्च प्रारंभिक लागत और बाजार मूल्य अस्थिरता। इन चुनौतियों से निपटने के लिए वैज्ञानिक अनुसंधान, रोग प्रतिरोधी किस्मों का विकास, और आधुनिक तकनीकों जैसे ड्रिप इरिगेशन व कंट्रोल्ड एटमॉस्फियर स्टोरेज (CAS) को अपनाना आवश्यक है। कुल मिलाकर, कीवी की खेती आर्थिक लाभ, पोषण सुरक्षा, और सतत कृषि विकास का एक सशक्त माध्यम बन रही है। टिकाऊ उत्पादन पद्धतियाँ, मूल्य संवर्धन, और निर्यात उन्मुख दृष्टिकोण के साथ यह फसल आने वाले वर्षों में ग्रामीण अर्थव्यवस्था की नई दिशा तय कर सकती है।
कीवी उत्पादन, वैश्विक व्यापार, मूल्य संवर्धन, रोजगार सृजन, टिकाऊ कृषि, निर्यात संभावनाएँ